六．引出作者观点， 反驳but前的观点（靶子）, 其模式为"靶子+but+ 作者观点"。利用but的这一功能，我们可以快速找出作者的观点。

例1. （07四川D）

Sorry to say, our brains naturally start slowing down at the Cruelty young age of 30. It used to be thought that this couldn't be helped, but new studies show that people of any age can train their brains to work faster. "Your brain is a learning machine," says University of California scientist Dr. Michael Merzenich. Given the right tools, we can train our brains to act like they did when we were younger. All that's required is the practice designed just for the purpose: a few exercises for the mind.

Merzenich has developed a computer-based training method to speed up the process(过程) in which the brain deals with information (positscience.com). Since much of the data we receive comes through speech, the Brain Fitness Program works with language and hearing to better speed and accuracy (准确性).

Over the course of training, the program starts asking you to distinguish (辨别) sounds (between "dog" and "bog", for example) at an increasingly faster speed. It's a bit like tennis instructor, says Merzenich, hitting balls at you ~faster and faster to keep you challenged(受到挑战). You may start out slow, but before long you're pretty quick.

The biggest finding in brain research in the last ten years is that the brain at any age is highly plastic. If you ask your brain to learn, it will learn. And it may even speed up while in the process.

To keep your brain young and plastic you can do one of a million new activities that challenge and excite you: playing table tennis or bridge, doing crossword puzzles, learning a language.... "When it comes to preventing ageing, you really do 'use it or lose it' ," says Barbara Sahakian, professor at Cambridge University.

Question: 1. What can we learn from the text?

A. Practice makes a quick mind.

B. Brain research started ten yeas ago.

C. Dr. Merzenich is a scientist in computer,

D. People believed nothing could stop the brain slowing down.

分析：but 前为以前的观点，答案为D.

Question: 2. Which of the following agrees with the writer's idea?

A. The training methods work better for the old.

B. People should use the brain to stop it from ageing.

C. The training of the brain should start at an early age.

D. It's necessary to take part in as many activities as possible.

分析： 作者的观点在but 之后，答案为B.

例2. (06山东E)

PITTSBURGH - For most people, snakes seem unpleasant or even threatening. But Howie Choset sees in their delicate movements a way to save lives.

The 37-year-old Carnegie Mellon University professor has spent years developing snake-like robots he hopes will eventually slide through fallen buildings in search of victims trapped after natural disasters or other emergencies.

Dan Kara is president of Robotics Trends, a Northboro, Mass.-based company that publishes an online industry magazine and runs robotics trade shows. He said there are other snake-like robots being developed, mainly at universities, but didn't know of one that could climb pipes.

The Carnegie Mellon machines are designed to carry cameras and electronic sensors and can be controlled with a joystick(操纵杆). They move smoothly with the help of small electric motors, or servos, commonly used by hobbyists in model airplanes.

Built from lightweight materials, the robots are about the size of a human arm or smaller. They can sense which way is up, but are only as good as their human operators, Choset added.

Sam Stover, a search term manager with the Federal Emergency Management Agency based in Indiana, said snake-type robots would offer greater mobility than equipment currently available, such as cameras attached to extendable roles.

"It just allows us to do something we've not been able to do before," Stover said, "We needed them yesterday."

He said sniffer dogs are still the best search tool for rescue workers, but that they can only be used effectively when workers have access to damaged building.

Stover, among the rescue workers who handled the aftermath (后果) of Hurricane Katrina, said snake robots would have helped rescuers search flooded houses in that disaster.

Choset said the robots may not be ready for use for another five to ten years, depending on funding.

Question: What is the text mainly about?

A. Snake-like robots used in industries.

B. Snake-like robots made to aid in rescues.

C. The development of snake-like robots.

D. The working principles of snake-like robots.

分析： 作者的观点在but之后，答案为B.

七．比较

I grew up in a tiny Baltimore row house in a faraway mountain area. My parents 36 the necessities of life 37 they couldn't give much more. If I asked my father 38 a pair of jeans, he would say, "If you want them, make the money and buy them 39 ." He wasn't being mean; he just couldn't 40 them. From age 12 on, I did part-time jobs after school.

When I 41 from high school, I joined the navy. Soon I was in a boot camp(新兵训练营) at Parris Island, S. C., where I learned that life in the navy centered around completing daily

42 . These could be anything from cleaning the camp to conducting mock(模拟的) battles. Completing these tasks successfully 43 discipline, team-work and responsibility. It didn't 44 whether you were black, white or Asian; everyone worked together for the 45 of the company.

I went 46 to graduate from the U.S. Naval Academy and later became an officer in the navy. The part of my job I 47 most was the comseling (咨询) meeting I 48 with the family members of the men and women in my 49 , trying to help them deal with the long periods of 50 . These proved popular and word of them spread. 51 I was being asked to give encouraging 52 to business groups, educators and keds across the country.

But I consider the boot camp my first real 53 , and my life is still guided by the 54 lessons I learned there. It taught me discipline, friendship and the pride related to setting a task every day and working hard to 55 it.

36.A.provided B. got C. made D. bought

37.A.while B. but C. so D. or

38.A.about B. with C. for D. of

39.A.themselves B. ourselves C. yourself D. myself

40.A.pay B. find C. produce D. afford

41.A.came B. returned C. escaped D. graduated

42. A. drills B. tasks C. exercises D. reports

43. A. included B. asked C. required D. met

44.A.matter B. mean C. exist D. work

45.A.good B. boss C. rest D. right

46.A.out B. on C. away D. off

47.A.took B. hated C. enjoyed D. did

48.A.ended B. began C. continued D. held

49.A.charge B. situation C. position D. choice

50.A.lessons B. meeting C. training D. separation

51.A.Long before B. Before long C. As usual D. Once again

52.A.performances B. descriptions C. speeches D. gifts

53.A.vacation B. place C. job D. travel mg

54.A.important B. bitter C. normal D. difficult

55.A.gain B. achieve C. show D. match

第53 空，"但是， 我把新兵训练营看成我的第一份真正的53, "显然作者在拿新兵训练营的____ 和之前的___ 作比较，依据上文，之前 I did part-time jobs after school，可以推知53空填job.

八. 反证。即从反面进行论证或说理。

Lang Lang is a world-class young pianist who grew up in Shenyang. He went to a piano school in Beijing when he was just eight."You need 36 ," his father said. "But if you don't work hard, no fortune will come.

36. A. exercise B. fortune C. knowledge D. wealth

"你需要____, 但是如果你不努力学习，幸运不会降临"。本句含有隐含信息，可以这样理解："你需要____, （这要通过努力学习来获得）但是如果你不努力学习，幸运不会降临"。根据"但是"后面的反面论证，可以推知第36空应该填fortune。

阅读时，我们不仅要读懂句子的意思，更要抓住文中的连词，利用这些连词的启示功能，理解句与句、段与段之间的关系，以致形成篇章理解。But在我们的阅读中是一个出现频率极高的词汇，几乎篇篇都会遇到，研究but 的启示功能对于阅读各类文章具有普遍的指导意义。

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