一、介词的分类 1.介词不能单独作句子的成分,而是用来表示名词或代词等和句中其他词之间的关系,通常放在名词或代词之前,构成介词短语。根据结构,介词主要分成四种: 1)简单介词:about, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beside, but, by, down, during, for, from, in, of, on, over, near, round, since, to, under, up, with等等。 2)合成介词:inside, into, outside, throughout, upon, without, within 3)短语介词:according to, along with, apart from, because of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, owing to, up to, with reguard to 4)分词介词:considering, reguarding, including, concerning 2.从意思上考虑,介词可分为下面三类: 1)引导时间短语的介词: at, on, in, during, before, after, over, from, following, by, till, until, towards, for, throughout, upon, since, pending, all through, prior to 2) 引导地点状语的介词: in, at, across, to, down, under, near, between, over, from, into, through, onto, off, outside, out of, inside, within, beside, behind, below, among, beyond, against, around, before, up, ahead of, via, in front of, under, along, past, opposite, above, next to 3) 引导其他短语的介词: by, with, about, except, like, of, according to, instead of, without, in, due to, because of, along with, as for, in spite of, on account of owing to, on behalf of, against, apart from, for, failing, plus, including, in regard to, with regard to 二、介词短语在句子中的作用 1.用作状语 介词短语表示时间、地点、方式和原因等。如: Class begins at half past seven. (时间) 7时半开始上课。 His parents work on a farm. (地点) 他父母在农场工作。 She came here by train. (方式) 她乘火车来这里。 You don’t have to worry about that. (原因) 你不必为那件事担心。 2. 用作定语 作定语用的介词短语应放在所修饰的名词之后。如: The book on the desk is very interesting. 书桌上的那本书很有趣。 The young man from Guilin is my uncle. 从桂林来的那位年轻人是我叔叔。 We visited the museum in the centre of the city. 我们参观了市中心的博物馆。 3. 用作表语 在系动词后的介词短语用作表语。如: My father was in the army two years ago. 两年前我父亲在部队。 This book will be of great use to you. 这本书对你会有很大的用处。 三、常用介词的用法 英语介词并不很多,但其用法灵活多样。掌握常用介词的用法及常见的介词搭配,是学习英语的重点和难点。 1.简单介词和复合介词 1)about(关于,大约):a book about animals 一本关于动物的书。 2)above(在……上面):a map above the blackboard 黑板上方的一张地图,above all 首要的是。 3)across(穿过,跨过):a bridge across the river 跨过河的一座桥 4)after(在……之后):after breakfast 早饭后,after school 放学后,after class 课后 5)against(反对):play against them 跟他们比赛。 6)along(沿着):plant trees along the lake 沿着湖边植树。 7)among(在……之中):among the workers 在工人们中间,among the trees 在树丛中。 8)at(在):at home在家,at school 在学校,at work 在工作。 9)before(在……之前):before class 课前,before lunch 午饭前 10)behind(在……后面):behind the house 在房子后面,behind the door 在门后。 11)near(在……附近):near the river 在河边,stand near the door 站在门旁。 12) into(在……里):come into the classroom 进入教室,fall into the water 掉进水里 13)in(在……内,用,戴):in English 用英语,in a hat 戴帽子,in front of 在……前面,in line 排成一行,in the end 最后,in the open air 在野外,in a minute立刻,in surprise 惊奇地,in time及时,in trouble 处在困难中。 14)from(从):from Monday to Friday 从星期一到星期五,from now on 从今以后。 15)for (为,给):buy some food for lunch 买些午餐的食物,for example 例如,for long 长久。 16) except(除……之外):everyone except Lin Tao 除林涛之外的每个人,every day except Sunday 除星期天之外的每天。 17)by(乘,在,由,到):by plane 乘飞机,by the way顺便说,by then 到那时,by the window 在窗边。
18) between(在两者之间):between the two children 在两个孩子之间,between A and B 在A 和B之间。 19)beside(在……旁边):sit beside her 坐在她身边,beside the river 在河边。 20)below(在……以下):below zero 零度以下。 21)of(……的):the name of the bird 鸟的名字,a map of China一幅中国地图。 22)off(离开):take off one’s clothes 脱掉衣服,go off 走开,turn off 关掉,get off the bus 下公共汽车。 23)with ( 用,和,带着):go to school with a bag带书包上学,see with one’s eyes 用眼睛看,with one’s help 在某人的帮助下,with pleasure 高兴。 24)without(没有):go out without a coat 没穿上衣服就走出去。 25)until=till (直到……为止):stay in bed until tomorrow 卧床直到明天,wait until ten o’ clock 等到10点钟为止。 26)under(在……下面):under the desk 在书桌下,under the tree 在树下 27)to(给、对、到、往):go to school 上学,give a kite to me 把风筝给我,from here to the park 从这里到公园。 28)through(通过,穿过):walk through the gate 走过大门。 29)since (自从):since1995 自从1995年以来。 30)round=around(在……周围):sit round the table 围着桌子坐,round the world 遍及全世界。 31)over( 超过,多于):over two years 两年多 32)outside (在……之外):outside of gate 在大门外。 33)on(在、关于):on one’s way home 回家路上, on duty 值日,on foot 步行,on top of 在……上面。on the earth 在地球上。 四、常见介词搭配 英语许多动词、形容词和名词都与特定的介词搭配,我们必须熟悉这些搭配关系。 1.动词与介词(或副词)的搭配 add…to 加到……上 agree with 同意(某人) arrive at(in) 到达 ask for 询问 begin…with 从……开始 believe in 相信 break into 闯入 break off 打断 break out 爆发 bring down 降低 bring in 引进 bring up 教育,培养 build up 建起 burn down 烧光 call back 回电话 call for 要求约请 call in 召来 call on 拜访 访问 care for 喜欢 carry on 继续开展 carry out 实行开展 check out 查明 结帐 clear up 整理,收拾 come about 发生,产生 come across (偶然)遇见 come out 出来 come to 共计 达到 compare…with 与……比较 compare to 比作 cut off 切断 date from 始于 depend on 依靠 devote to 献于 die out 灭亡 divide up 分配 dream of 梦想 fall off 下降 fall over 跌倒 feed on 以……为食 get down to 专心于 get through 通过 give in 让步,屈服 give out 分发 give up 放弃 go abroad 出国 go against 反对 go on with 继续 go through 浏览 grow up 生长 hand down 传下来 hear about 听说 hold out 伸出 join up 连接起来 keep off 让开,不接近 keep on 继续 lead to 导致 live on 靠……为生 look down upon 看不起 look forward to 盼望 look into 调查 look out 当心 look(a) round 仔细查看 set off 动身 set up 建立 show off 炫耀 shut up 住口 speed up 加速 stand for 代表,象征 stick to 坚持 suffer from 遭受 talk of 谈论 think of 考虑,想起 try out 试验 turn down 调低 turn off 关掉 worry about 担心 2.介词成语 1)英语中有大量成语由介词构成,单是一些常用介词就可构成大量成语: at: at a stretch 一连,连续地 at a time 一次,每次 at ease 稍息,安心 at first sight 一见(钟情) at first 最初,开始时 at heart 在内心 at home 在家,随便 at last 最后 at least 至少 at length 最后,详细地 at most 至多 at once 立即,同时 at peace(war) 处于和平(战争)状态 at play(work) 在玩耍(工作) at present 现在,目前 at random 随意地,胡乱地 at the risk of 冒…的风险 at the same time (与此)同时 at the start 一开头 at the time 此刻,这时 at times 有时候 at will 任意地 by: by accident 偶然 by air 航空 by all means 想一切办法 by bus (plane, etc) 坐巴士(飞机等) by chance 偶然 by cheque 用支票 by choice 出于自愿 by daylight 在大白天 by day(night) 白天(夜间) by force 靠武力 by mistake 错误地,误把… by turns 轮流 by surprise 突然,出其不意 by the way 顺便说一句 in: in a sense 从某种意义上说 in addition(to) 此外(除…之外) in advance 事前 in all 总共 in any case (event) 不管怎样,反正 in brief 简而言之 in case 要是,如果 in case of 在…情况下 in comparison 比较起来 in danger 处于危险中 in debt 负债 in demand 有需求 in detail 详细地 in fact 实际上 in general 一般说来 in one’s opinion 在(某人)看来 in order to (that) 以便,为了 in other words 换句话说 in part(s) 部分地 in person 亲自 in practice 实际上 in public(private) 公开(私下)地 in regard to 关于 in short 总之 in the end 最后 in the middle of 在…中间 in time 及时地,经过一段时间 in vain 白白地,没有结果 on: on account of 由于 on behalf of 代表(某人) on board 在船(飞机)上 on condition 在…条件下 on duty 值班 on fire 着火 on foot 步行 on guard 有警惕,值班 on hand 在身边 on holiday 在休假 on purpose 故意地 on sale 在出售 on strike 罢工 on the contrary 相反 on the way 在路上 on time 准时 on the top of 在…上面 on the run 正在逃窜 out of: out of action 失灵 out of breath 气喘吁吁 out of control 失去控制 out of danger 脱离危险 out of doors 在户外 out of fashion 不时新 out of hand 失去控制 out of order 坏了 out of reach 无法得到(拿到) out of sight 看不见 out of temper 发脾气 out of question 不可能 out of touch(with) 和…失去联系 out of tune 走调 out of use 不再使用 out of work 失业 2)有些介词夹在名词之间构成成语: day after day 日复一日地 year after year 年复一年 one after another 一个接一个地 one by one 一个接一个 little by little 一点一点地 side by side 并肩 step by step 一步步地 face to face 面对面 arm in arm 手挽手地 hand in hand 手牵手地 day to day 日常的 day by day 一天一天地 day before yesterday 前天 day after tomorrow 后天 heart to heart 互相交心的
3)还有一些成语包含两个介词: from beginning to end 从头至尾 from bad to worse 越来越糟 from time to time 不时地 from head to foot 浑身 from morning to night 从早到晚 from start to finish 从头至尾 from door to door 挨门挨户地 from place to place 到各地 from generation to generation 一代一代地 from cover to cover (书面) 全部地,从头至尾 4)此外,“be+形容词+介词”也是一类成语: be found of 喜欢 be full of 充满 be interested in 对…有兴趣 be keen on 热衷于 be confident in 对…有信心 be short of 缺乏 be sick of 厌恶 be proud of 对…感到骄傲 be loyal to 对…忠诚 be ashamed of 为…感到羞耻 be worried about 为…担心 be aware of 意识到 be busy with 忙于(某事) be different from 和…不同 be famous for 因…而出名
强化练习题 1. Some areas, _______ their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated. A but for B in spite of C due to D with regard to 2. Visitors are asked to comply ______ the regulations. A at B in C with D on 3. He ______ so much work that he couldn’t really do it efficiently. A put on B took on C brought on D turned on 4. In order to save time, I ______ my shopping to once a week. A cut off B cut out C cut up D cut down 5. The idea has ______ that science cannot be wrong. A piled up B picked up C grown up D put up 6. He did everything he could to prevent if from ______ into fighting. A breaking off B breaking up C breaking out D breaking of 7. The construction of the new building will cost ______ 1,000,000 dollars, and it’s not easy to get so much money. A at last B at most C at least D at large 8. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the light happened to ____. A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out 9. Every morning she would give him breakfast____ bed and bring him the papers to read. A. to B. at C. in D. by 10. Your performance in the driving test didn’t teach the required standard, ____, you failed. A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time 11. Why don’t they build a new road that goes____ the town? A. to B. through C. over D. round 12. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through 13. _____ this book and tell me what you think of it. A. Look through B. Look on C. Look into D. Look up 14. The doctor will be free ____. A. 10 minutes later B. after 10 minutes C. in 10 minutes D. 10 minutes after 15. Did you have trouble ____ the post office? A. to have found B. with finding C. to find D. in finding 16. If you keep on, you’ll succeed_____. A. in time B. at one time C. at the same time D. on time 17. We offered him out congratulations_____ his passing the college entrance exams. A. at B. on C. for D. of 18. ----How long has this bookshop been in business? A. After B. In C. From D. Since 19. The train leaves at 6:oo pm. So I have to be at the station____5:40 pm at the latest. A. until B. after C. by D. around 20. Does John know any other foreign language _____ French? A. except B. but C. besides D. beside 答案与解析(部分) 1---7(略) 8. 答案是D。A和B与句意完全不符,put up 意为 “举起”,give in 意为 “让步”。C项意为“开灯”,与该句意思相反。D项意为 stop burning or shining, 正适合句意。 9. 答案是C。本题考查bed 一词与什么介词搭配。“在床上”应上in bed。 10. 答案是C。本题考查对几个介词短语的辨析。A项意为 最后,B项意为 毕竟,D项意为 同时,这三项均不符合句意。C项意为 换言之正合题意。 11. 答案是D. 本题考查对这几个介词的辨析。A和C明显不符合题意。through通常是指通过某个空间,如go through a tunnel (通过隧道),因此C项也不合题意 。 12. 答案是C. with 可表示原因,意为“因”、“由于”。 13. 答案是A. Look on 意为“旁观”,look into 意为“调查”,look up 意为 “抬头看”,这几个选项均不符合题意。 14. 答案是C。本题考查对表示时间的介词短语的掌握。in 与一段时间连用表示“…….之内”或“……之后”。 after与一段时间连用通常用于过去时。 15. 答案是D 如果能掌握have trouble in doing something 这一句型,就知道答案了。 16. 答案是A. 本题考查对介词短语的辨析能力。in time 除了意为“及时”外,还可为“迟早”、“总有一天”,相当于sooner or later/someday. 17. 答案是B. 本题考查对介词与名词搭配的掌握。表示“向某人祝贺谋事”、常用的句型是offer somebody congratulations on something or doing something。 18. 答案是D。问句使用现在完成时,只有since 才能与之搭配。 19. 答案是C. 20. 答案是C. 本题考查对习惯用语的掌握,help oneself to 是固定搭配。 |