2）并列连词：连接两个互不依从的次、短语或分句：
Slow but sure.  要慢而稳。（连接单词）
She’ll be back either this week or next week.  她将在这周或下周回来。（连接短语）
I went and she went also.  我去了，她也去了。（连接分句）
并列连词有下面几类：

表示意思转折的连词	but yet however nevertheless
表示因果关系的连词	for so therefore hence
其他并列连词	and or either…or neither…nor not only…but also both…and as well as

三、从属连词
1. 引导时间状语从句的连词
这类连词主要有：
when:
Don’t get excited when you talk.  讲话时别激动。
When he got up he felt dizzy.  他站起身时感到头晕。
while:
We must strike while the iron is hot.  我们要趁热打铁。
While she ate she grew more restless.  她一边吃一边变得更加忐忑不安。
as:
As he spoke two men came up.  在他讲话时两个人走了进来。
He smiled as he passed.  他经过时笑了笑。
before:
Look before you leap.  三思而后行。
It will be five years before we meet again.  要五年后咱们才能再相见。
after:
I arrived after he had left.  在他走后我到了。
I’ll tell them after you have left.  你走后我在告诉他们。
until, till :
I’ll take no steps until you arrive.  你来之前我不会采取什么行动。
I propose waiting till the police get here.  我建议等警察来了再说。
since:
How long is it since you came to London?  你到伦敦有多久了？
It was years since I had seen her.  我有好多年没见到她了。
whenever:
I go and visit him whenever I’m in town.  我每次进城都去看他。
Whenever possible, they play outside.  一有机会他们就到外面玩耍。
2. 引导条件状语从句的连词
1）条件状语从句主要由if, unless, supposing(suppose)引导：
if:
I must leave if that’s the case.  如果情况如此我就得走了。
He will come if asked. 如果邀请的话他会来的。
unless:
I won’t write unless he writes first.  我不写信，除非他先给我写。
I’ll go there tomorrow unless it rains.  除非下雨，否则我明天去那里。
supposing:
Supposing that he asks you, will you go?  假定他请你去，你会去吗？
Supposing his plan goes wrong, what will you do then? 
如果他的计划出了问题，我们怎么办？
suppose:
Suppose she finds out, what shall we do then?  假如她发现了，我们怎么办？
Suppose you lost your job tomorrow, what would you do?  假定你明天失业，你怎么办？
provided:
I will agree to go provided(providing) (that) my expenses are paid.
如果有人给我掏路费我将同意去。
She agreed to go and work there provided that her family could go with her.
providing:
I’ll dry the dishes, providing that you do the washing-up. 如果你刷盘子，我就将它们擦干。
2）条件状语从句还有其他形式：
You will always have a home as long as I have anything.
只要我有家产，你就永远会有一个家。
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed. 即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
此外，as long as, so long as, in case, even if 都起连词作用。
3. 引导目的状语从句的连词
引导目的的状语从句的连词主要有下面这些：

in order that:
He left early in order that his children would not be alone in the house.
他早早动身，以免孩子们单独待在家里。
I lent him ￡50 in order(so )that he might go for a holiday.
我借给他50英镑，使他能去渡假。
so that:
Ask her to hurry up with the letters so that I can sign them.
让她快点把信打好，以便我能签字。
Please interpret this Chinese woman’s remarks so that I can understand them.
请翻译一下这位中国妇女的话以便我能听动。
so:
Can’t you fix it somehow so you could stay longer?
难道你不能作某种安排以便能多待些日子？
I’ll give him a map so he won’t get lost.  我会给他一张地图免得他迷路。
that:
She did it that he might go free.  她这样做以便他能获得自由。
I am anxious to get done that I may be back in Ireland.  
我急于完成此事以便能返回爱尔兰。
lest:
He hurried on, lest she should meet him again. 他赶紧往前走，惟恐她再碰到他。
He hid the money lest it should be stolen. 他把钱藏起来惟恐别人偷去
4. 引导结果状语从句的连词
1）结果状语从句主要由so…that和such…that 引导：
so…that:
He was so young that you must excuse him.  他那样年轻，你得原谅他。
He was so fat that he couldn’t get though the door.  他胖得连门都过不去了。
such…that:
Jim made such a noise that his sister told him to be quiet.
吉姆吵成那样，他姐姐让他安静点。
He shut the window with such force that the glass broke.
他关窗时那样使劲，连玻璃都震碎了。
They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house.
他们的狗那样凶，谁也不敢走近他们家。
that 有时可以省略，特别是在口语中。
5. 引导原因状语从句的连词
1）引导原因状语从句的连词主要有because, as, since:
because:
Because it was wet he took a taxi.  由于下雨他叫了一辆出租车。
He was worried because he hadn’t had any letter from her.
他很担忧因为他没收到过她一封信。
as:
As David had a passion for walking, we started off on foot. 
由于大卫喜欢走路，我们就步行出发了。
As you’re sorry, I’ll forgive you.  既然你悔悟了，我就原谅你。
2）还有一些表示原因的状语从句由seeing（that）,considering(that)或now that等引导：
Please don’t try to back out now that everything has been arranged.
现在一切都安排好了，请不要打退堂鼓。
Now you’re here, you may make yourself useful.  你已经来了，不妨帮帮忙。
3）许多用在形容词后的that从句也起原因状语的作用（that 有时可省略）：
She was glad that she had controlled herself. 她很高兴控制住了自己。
I’m disappointed that they cannot come.  他们不能来我很失望。
6.引导让步状语从句的连词
主要有下面这些：
although:
I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later.
那时我并不知道这事，尽管后来我知道了。
He’s very lovable although not at all tidy.  他很可爱，虽说我一点都不整洁。
though:
Though not large, the room was light and airy.  房间虽然不大，采光和通风却很好。
The girl, though plain, had a kind face. 这姑娘虽然相貌平庸，却有一张善良的脸。
even if:
I wouldn’t do it, even if you paid me a thousand pounds. 
即使你付我一千英镑，我也不干。
I’m going to expose him even if he’s brother of mine.
尽管他是我的兄弟，我也要揭露他。
7. 引导方式状语从句的连词
1） 引导方式状语从句的连词主要有 as ,like, as if, as though, however:
as:
You ought to do as I tell you. 你应当照我说的做。
When at Rome, do as the Romans do.  入境随俗。
like:
She can’t draw like her sister can. 她不能象她姐姐那样画画。
Do it like I tell you.  照我告诉你的那样做。
as if:
He paused as if expecting her to speak.  他停了停，像是在期待她说话。
He glanced about as if in search of something. 他四处看了看，仿佛在找什么似的。
as though:
He shivered about as though with cold.  他颤抖了一下，好象受了寒气一样。
When she had finished she waited as though for a reply.
她讲完之后等了等，像是在等候回答。
however:
Arrange your hours however you like.  你的时间你可以随意安排。
You may use it however you like.  你可以随意使用它。
In one’s own home one can act however he wishes.  在家里你愿干什么就干什么。

2）the way
He doesn’t speak the way I do.  他不像我这样说话。
I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them. 
他们从不让我按自己的意愿行事。
8. 引导地点状语从句的连词
1）引导地点状语从句的连词有where, where, everywhere:
where:
I’ll drive you where you’re going.  你到哪儿我都可以开车送你去。
Please keep sitting where you are.  请仍坐在原处。
wherever:
Wherever he is he’ll be thinking of you.   不管他在哪里，他总会想着你。
We’ll go wherever you say.  你说哪里我们就到哪里。
everywhere:
Everywhere they appeared there were ovations.  他们所到之处都有人欢呼。
Everywhere he went, he was introduced as the current US champion.
不管他到哪里，人们都介绍他是当前的美国冠军。
2）no matter where 也可以引导地点状语：
Keep your mobile phone with you no matter where you are.
不管在哪里你都要带着手机。
9. 引导比较状语从句的连词
引导比较状语从句的连词是than和as:
than:
You sing better than I do.  你的歌唱的比我好。
They work harder than we do.  他们比我们勤奋。
as:
You know as much about that as I do.  对这事你了解得和我一样多。
That’s not so simple as it sounds.  那事并不像听起来那么简单。
10. 引导其他从句的连词
1）引导主语从句和宾语的连词有that和whether, if 可以引导宾语从句：
that:
She always complains that he is down on her.  她老是抱怨他看不起她。
I’ll prove to the world that he was right.  我要向全世界证明他是对的。
whether:
I don’t know whether you like flowers.  我不知道你喜不喜欢花。
I’ll see whether I can induce him to accept it.  我要看看我能否劝说他接受这东西。
if:
I wonder if It’s large enough.  不知这够不够大。
He asked if would show him the way.  他问我可否给他带路。
2）that和whether 还可以引导标语从句或同位语从句：
that:
The fact is that he doesn’t really try.  事实是他没有真正去努力。
The reason was he was afraid.  原因是他害怕。
whether:
The point is whether we ought to recommend him.  问题是我们是否应当推荐他。
3）that和whether还可以用在形容词之后：
I am certain that I posted the letter.  我肯定这信我发了
He wasn’t sure whether he ought to laugh or cry.  他啼笑皆非。
四、并列连词
1. 并列连词and和or
1) and 和or 是用得最多的并列连词，可以连接：
a. 两个并列的动词：
We were singing and dancing all evening.  整个晚上我们都在唱歌跳舞。
He started to shout and swear.  他开始又喊又骂。
b. 名词、形容词等：
She was sweet and amiable.  她甜美和蔼。
Would you like fish or beef?  你要鱼还是牛肉？
c. 两个并列的分句（句子）：
I said it and I meant it.  我说话算数。
2）and 可连接两个分句，表示“只要…就”：
Utter one word and you are a dead man!  说一句话就要你的命！
Give him an inch and he will take a mile.  他会得寸进尺。

3）or可连接分句，表示“只要…就”：
Don’t drive so fast or you’ll have an accident.  别开这么快，不然你会出车祸。
2. 表示意思转折的连词
表示意思转折的连词主要有but, yet:
1) but主要连接2个并列的分句：
All this he did, but it had no effect at all.  这一切他都做了，但一点都不起作用。
The weather will be sunny but cold.  天气会晴朗但很冷。
He tried to save it, but in vain. 他努力想救活它，但没用。
2）yet 主要连接两个分句：
They are ugly and expensive, yet people buy them.  他们又丑又贵，但人们还是要买。
It is strange, yet true. 这很奇怪，却是真的。
She’s a funny girl, but yet you can’t help liking her.
她是个奇怪的姑娘，但你禁不住会喜欢她。
3）however, nevertheless, still 等为副词，但可起连接作用，表示意思的转折：
however:
    His first response was to say no. Later, however, he changed his mind.
他的第一反应是不行，但后来他改变了主意。
nevertheless:
They hadn’t trained hard, nevertheless (but) they won. 
他们并没有努力训练，但还是打赢了。
still:
It’s raining; still I’d like to go.   天在下雨，但我还是要去。
all the same:
She is naughty, all the same we have to laugh at her jokes. 
她很调皮，但对她的恶作剧我们还是要发笑。
3. 表示因果的连词
1）for可以表示“因为”但引导的不是从句，而是分句，对前面情况加以解释，常用逗号把它和前面的分句分开，这在书面语中计较多见（口语中多用because, as , since等）：
The days were short, for it was now December.  白天很短，因为现在已经是十二月。
它还可以表示为什么有前面的看法(此时不能用because, as, since):
She must have gone out early, for she had not shown up at breakfast.
她肯定一早出去了，因为她没来吃早饭。
2）so 表示结果，可译为“因此”、“所以”：
Our cases were heavy, so we took a taxi. 我们的箱子很重，因此我们坐了出租车。
3）therefore 为副词，也表示同样的意思，可放句前：
He had gone; she therefore gave the money to me.
他走了，于是她把钱给了我。
4）hence 也是副词，也表示类似意思，多用在说理性文章中，且多用在分句或句子开头：
My mother is by herself; hence I must go home now.  我妈一个人在家，因此我得回去了。
强化练习题
1.---I don't like chicken ___ fish.　
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and； and　 B. and； but　C. or； but　D. or；and
2.--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?　　
--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and　 B. so　 C. as　 D. but

3. ____ the day went on, the weather got worse.
A. With        B. Since         C. While         D. As
4. ____she is young, she knows quite a lot.
A. When       B. However           C. Although        D. Unless
5.____ the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.
A. Whenever        B. If           C. Whether           D. That
6. It worried her a bit ____her hair was turning grey.
A. while            B. that         C. if             D. for
7. You will be late ____ you leave immediately.
A. unless           B. until         C. if             D. or
8. It was not____ she look off her dark glasses ____ I realized she was a famous film star.
A. when, that        B. until, that        C. until, when       D. when, then
9. --- I don’t like chicken____ fish.
--- I don’t like chicken, ____ I like fish very much.
A. and, and          B. and, but          C. or, and          D. or, but
10. ---What was the party like?
   --- Wonderful. It’s years ____I enjoyed myself so much so much.
A. after            B. before             C. when           D. since
11. ---- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
   ----I’d like to, ____ I’m too busy.
12. Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially____ Father was away in France.
A. as         B. that         C. during           D. if
13. Would you like a cup of coffee____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and        B. then          C. or          D. otherwise
14. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A. whom      B. where         C. which         D. while
15. ____ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If          B. Whether         C. That         D. Where
16. It was about 600 years ago ____ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.
A. that        B. until            C. before         D. when
17. Why do you want a new job____ you’ve got such a good one already?
A. that        B. where           C. which         D. when
18. It was only when I reread his poems recently____ I began to appreciate their beauty.
A. until        B. that           C. then          D. so
19. ____ you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.
A. Now that         B. After        C. Although          D. As soon as
20. ----I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
   ----Is that____ you had a few days off?
A. why          B. when         C. what         D. where
21. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up ____ I could answered
the phone.
A. as           B. since          C. until         D. before
答案解析(部分)：
1.答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。
2.答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and， 结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。
3.答案D. 连词as 引导时间状语从句，表示“随着……”。
4.答案C. 本题考查对这几个连词词义的辨析
5.答案C. 连词whether和if均有“是否”之意，但if 不能引导主语从句。
6.答案B. 只要能判断出It为本句的形式主语，便应知道后面必须由that 引导主语从句作真正主语。
7. 答案是A.本题应填上一个从属连词，引导条件状语从句。
8.答案B.
9. 答案D. 本题考查对or在否定句中的用法以及but表示转折的用法。
10。答案D.通过情景对话考查对句型 It is/was +time +since +从句的掌握情况。
11.答案D.本题仍是考查对并列连词的词义辨析，在这几个句中只有but表示转折。
12.答案 A. as相当于when,引导的是时间状语从句。C项的during 是介词，不能引导从句。
13.答案是C.连词or在句中的意思是 或者、还是，用来连接前后的疑问句。B项的then和D项的otherwise都不是连词，而是副词，不能单独连接两个句子。
14.答案是D. 连词while的意思是 而，然而，它所连接的前后两个分句含有对比意思。in fact在句中是插入语。
15.答案B. whether 可引导主语从句，而if则不能，可参看第5题。

16.答案A
17.答案是D.分析句子结构会发现，空缺处需要的是表示时间状语从句的引导词，选项中只有D符合。
18.答案是B.本题查考对句子含义的理解及对强调句型的是“it is/was…that(或who)…”选项中只有B为正确答案。
19.答案A.从句意看只有A适合，now that 意为既然、由于，常放在句子开头。
20.答案A。只有why能引导原因状语从句。
21.答案是D, since的主语通常是现在完成时，而as和until又与句意不符，只能选D.